In article on the basis of preliminary results of the all-Russian agricultural census 2016 in comparison with the results of the agricultural census of 2006 analyzed the basic structural changes in agriculture for 2006-2016 years. Conclusions are made about the conservation and development of heavily used resource potential of agriculture; the enlargement of the size of agricultural companies (farms); the development of concentration and specialization of production. Shows the changes in the resource potential of agriculture on categories of economy, as well as in the sectoral structure of crop and livestock production.