In recent years, Russia has faced serious demographic changes, which have been influenced by many factors, including economic instability, social problems, changes in mentality, and so on. The natural growth of the Russian population in recent years has shown negative values, which is associated with an increase in mortality and a decrease in the birth rate. In this regard, the demographic situation in Russia requires close attention and analysis due to the relevance and significance of possible negative socio–economic consequences. The article examines the problem of the demographic crisis in modern Russia. The actual causes of the demographic crisis and the decline in the birth rate are investigated. The socio–economic consequences of a decrease in the population and a decrease in the birth rate are revealed. The data on the dynamics of the population, fertility, and mortality in Russia are presented. The forecast of the birth rate and population in Russia is given. Possible scenarios of fertility and demographic situation in the country are presented. Special attention is paid to government support measures aimed at improving the demographic situation. The necessity of developing additional measures aimed at overcoming the demographic crisis is substantiated. The measures of state support for young families aimed at increasing the birth rate are considered.