This article presents a comprehensive analysis of trends in the development of sugar beet and sunflower seed production in the Russian Federation, with an emphasis on changes that have occurred over the past two decades. The study examines the dynamics of sown areas, yields, production volumes and exports of these crops, which helps identify the main trends in their development in the country's agricultural sector. The factors influencing the growth and development of these agricultural sectors are analyzed, including climatic conditions, the introduction of modern agricultural methods, the level of government support and international trade policy. Particular attention is also paid to structural changes in the production and consumption of sugar beet and sunflower seeds in both the domestic and foreign markets. A special place in the work is occupied by the consideration of the subprograms «Development of breeding and seed production of sugar beet in the Russian Federation» and «Development of breeding and seed production of oil crops in the Russian Federation», which play a key role in ensuring sustainable growth of the industry. These programs are aimed at improving the genetic potential of plants, increasing the quality of seeds and adapting varieties to various natural and climatic conditions of the country's regions. In addition, the study addresses issues of the efficiency of agricultural land use, the impact of scientific and technological progress on labor productivity in agriculture and the adaptation of farmers to new challenges associated with climate change and market globalization. Based on the analysis, forecasts are made regarding the future development of sugar beet and sunflower seed production in Russia, and practical recommendations are offered to increase the competitiveness of domestic agricultural products in world markets. Research years – 1992-2024.