In this report we\nwant to go a step ahead  and, first, to\nreveal in more detail the very concept of the medium – to show what elements it\nconsists of and how it is structured, and secondly, turn the thesis about the priority\nof a favorable environment into quantitative analytical tool that could be used\nin the  policy of innovations. We propose\nto structure the concept of the environment in the form of a pyramid of an innovative\ndevelopment, or shortly – the pyramid of innovations. This pyramid, by analogy\nwith Maslow’s pyramid, defines the hierarchical sequence of the needs of the\ninnovations environment. These needs, in turn, determine the main blocks of\nstate policy instruments and their priorities (see Fig. 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Please, also note that we have drawn  an analogy between the theme of innovations\nand  that \nof  the football. You can find a\ncolumn entitled \u201cAnalogs with football\u201d. The football allegory will help to\nrelate the highly specialized theme of innovations to the theme of the struggle\nfor the world leadership in football, one way or another understandable to most\nof us, the football fever that has engulfed the world in recent decades looks\nlike an innovative fever, no state can afford to stay away. In football, as in\ninnovations, that player is good who \ndoes  not only scores, but scores\nmore than others, that team is good, which is not only famous for traditions or\nnames, but wins in the current championships and the country cannot be\nconsidered a football country whose team has not participated in the final\ngames of the world championship for a long time – whatever the circumstances.  They prevented the game, but then how can we\nwin the World Cup? We have seen different  solutions all over the world, including inviting\na dear foreign coach, giving citizenship and money to high-class foreign\nplayers. and so on, but no coach will teach a team that has no talented\nplayers, no legionaries will be able to firmly establish the country in the\nlist of football powers, and the only way – difficult, long and ungrateful for\ncurrent football functionaries – is to create  good football traditions and facilities in the\ncountry, that is a favorable  environment:\ninfrastructure, schools, clubs, game culture, fans, related business. And to\nmake it all better than in Brazil, Germany, Spain, Italy and so on.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In addition to providing a favorable environment, an important component\nof innovations policy is also to direct financial support for research and\ninnovative projects. This type of policy is attractive for the state, because\nit is concrete, measurable, promises fast positive results and makes available  a pool of “wards” to the state.\nCreating the environment is a long process, poorly structured and not having a\nspecific recipe.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

However, only by providing a favorable environment, the state can expect\ndirect support to be effective. In this case, firstly, the projects themselves\nwill appear that did not grow in the hostile environment, and secondly – the\nchannels of an effective distribution of funds. Thus, if the principle of the\npyramid is applied to the \u201cenvironment\u201d and \u201cfinancing\u201d blocks, the first one\nshould be placed in the \u201cfoundation\u201d, and the second – on the \u201cupper floors\u201d\n(see Fig. 6).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The state of innovations in\nRussia.<\/strong> The development of\nthe innovative  sphere in Russia can be\ndivided into two stages. Until 2014, the state\u2019s efforts were mostly aimed at\ncreating basic elements of the innovative infrastructure, developing the\nprofessional competencies of the system\u2019s participants, encouraging the\ndevelopment of new promising markets and supporting innovative projects,\nreorganizing the scientific sphere and developing state programs aimed at\ndevelopment of high-tech sectors of the economy.  Now, there is a stage of rethinking the\nfunctioning of the current system. In the framework of the execution of the\nlist of instructions D.A. Medvedev on the development of innovations from\n09.08.14, the central projects for the development of the innovation system are\nincreasing the efficiency of government bodies, promoting the development of\ncompanies with state participation and private business, further developing and\nincreasing the efficiency of the system of research and development  institutions. The priorities for the present\ntime  are the analysis of innovative\nprograms of state-owned companies, the assessment of R & D  institutions, investment in research and\nimprovement of the R & D base (research, development and civil engineering\nwork carried out by in the framework of a complex project), national projects\nwith a high innovative components. Among the main results, there are the development\nof competences on the economic growth, the adoption of the Federal Law of\nDecember 29, 2012 No. 273-FZ \u201cOn Education in the Russian Federation\u201d the  launch of practice-oriented undergraduate\n(applied  Bachelors ) programs, as well\nas dual education programs, oriented on training in the conditions of real\nproduction and taking into account modern professional standards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development of science (pyramid layer – knowledge) includes  the implementation of the reorganization of\nstate academies of sciences, the creation of the Federal Agency for Scientific\nOrganizations, the Russian Science Foundation and the Advanced Research\nFoundation, the approval of the Program of the fundamental scientific research\nin the Russian Federation for a long \nperiod, the  approval of the\nForecast of scientific and technological development of the Russian Federation\nfor the period up to 2030.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The infrastructure development (pyramid layer – infrastructure) consists\nof the development of state programs of the Russian Federation \u201cEconomic\ndevelopment and innovative economy\u201d, \u201cDevelopment of science and technologies\u201d,\n\u201cDevelopment of the industry and increase of its competitiveness\u201d, \u201cInformation\nsociety\u201d and a number of other government programs aimed at the development of\nhigh-tech sectors of the economy; forming a system of development institutions\nin the field of innovations, in particular, for the last five years, the\ncreation of Skolkovo (2010), the Association of Innovative Regions of Russia\n(2010), the Fund for Infrastructure and Educational Programs (2010), the VEB-\nFund Innovations \u201d(2011), Russian Direct Investment Fund (2011), Industrial\nDevelopment Fund (2014), EXIAR OJSC (2014); adoption of a new version of the\nFederal Law \u201cOn Economic Partnerships\u201d, which formulates an agreement on\npartnership management, within the framework of which  necessary conditions and procedures for the creation\nof funds, including  the implementation\nof venture investment, are determined.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development of innovation territories (pyramid layer –\ninfrastructure) means financing for the creation in the constituent entities of\nthe Russian Federation of the infrastructure of innovative entrepreneurial\nactivity. In the framework of the Support Program for small and medium-sized\nenterprises in the subjects of the Russian Federation for the period 2010\u20132015.\n8.4 billion rubles were allocated for these purposes; formation of 26 pilot innovation\nterritorial clusters, for the provision of subsidies which provide 1.25 billion\nrubles,  the creation of a special economic\nzone “Innopolis”, the formation of a cost recovery mechanism for the\ncreation of technology  and industrial\nparks; implementation of pilot programs to stimulate the demand for innovative\nsolutions at the regional level, one of the programs is \u201cInnovative\nProcurement\u201d, the goal of which is to increase the volume of procurement of\neffective solutions by companies with state participation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The export development and international cooperation (pyramid layer –\nmarkets) embraces the formation of an export support system, including\nhigh-tech products in the \u201cone-stop\u201d mode, allowing Russian exporters and\nforeign buyers to electronically fill in and submit primary documents, the\nformation of mechanisms for cooperation in the field of innovations  with the BRICS countries, organizing an open annual\nforum for all parties interested.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The development of innovative business (pyramid layer – financing of\ninnovative companies) includes the  creation of the Agency for Strategic Initiatives\nto promote new projects,  the approval of\nthe \u201croadmap\u201d in priority areas of technological development,  information technologies, photonics, the\nproduction of composite materials, biotechnology, engineering and industrial\ndesign, the introduction of innovative technologies in the fuel and energy\nsector, the  approval of the innovative\ndevelopment program of 60 largest state-owned companies, the  adoption of a sectoral plan for import\nsubstitutions in industry, the legislation on the best available technologies\nand the introduction of modern technologies has been predominantly formed [1, P. 231.]<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Comparison of innovative\ndevelopment and the potential of Russia with the countries – leaders and\n\u201cgeeks\u201d of innovation<\/strong>.\nTo analyze the innovative development of Russia, we need an international base\nfor a comparison. In order to get maximum information from such a comparison,\nwe are interested in putting Russia on a par with the following groups of\ncountries: with the countries that are leaders of innovations in order to know\nexactly what is good, what worked and works, with those  ones similar to ours in size and structure of\nthe economy, so that the conclusions are applicable, and with those ones  included in the list of leaders relatively\nrecently, so that the conclusions are relevant.\n\nWe applied the\nfollowing six criteria for selecting countries for comparison: current\nleadership in recognized international innovation development ratings (we took\ninto account our position in the four largest innovation indices \u2014 the Global\nInnovation Index (GII), the Global Competitiveness Index (GCI), The Bloomberg\nInnovation Index (BII) and Forbes World’s Most Innovative Companies (FWMIC). In\naddition, we only considered OECD member countries and partners (40 countries\naltogether), because we want to compare Russia with economically developed\ncountries).  The market is up in the ratings,\nmade over the past five years (for example, China made a spurt up by sixteen\nplaces in the GII index (from 43 in 2010 to 29 in 2015), Great Britain – 12\nplaces, Ireland – by 11 places, Italy – by 7 places, the USA – by 6 places;\nRussia, by the way, made a breakthrough by 16 places – that is, more than all\ndeveloped countries and BRICS countries. Our country showed  an  active participation in international trade in\nintellectual property. We take into account the trade turnover, that is, import\nplus export, based on the fact that countries with a greater turnover are included\nin the global innovative \nenvironment,  the large size of\nthe economy – nominal GDP in US dollars. This criterion allows us to choose for\ncomparison with Russia only large-scale economies that have a corresponding set\nof problems that are not driven by small countries, including the manageability\nof the economic and financial system, often the size territories, population,\netc.,  the three largest economies  – the USA, China and Japan, Russia – on the\n9th place, high level of economic development: nominal GDP in US dollars per\ncapita, Russia – at a modest 58th place,  a certain dependence of the economy on the\nrent received from the export of natural resources. We also selected three\nadditional countries that were not included in the final list because of the\naggregate of the previous selection criteria, but, nevertheless, interesting\nfor us from the point of view of innovative development experience in\nconditions of   the natural rent. These countries are Canada,\nNorway and Chile.\n\n\n\n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

The selection\nprocedure and the final list of countries are shown in Figure 7. In each\nsubsequent list, the countries from the previous list change places and are\npartially eliminated, reflecting the accumulated rating on the totality of the\ncriteria. The final list includes 15 countries for comparison – from the USA to\nChile – and the list turned out to be prioritized, that is, the policy pursued\nin the United States is more interesting than the policy in Switzerland,\nSwitzerland is more interesting than the United Kingdom, and etc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Such a technique\nallows to judge whether a state or a lot of resources are invested by the state\nin each of the layers of the pyramid, since this can be said only in relation\nto other countries. These results can be demonstrated in the form of a \u201cheat\nmap\u201d, where top-down countries are the leaders of innovation (in descending\norder), and from right to left – the layers of the pyramid (from the foundation\nto the top), and the values are painted in the color range from green\n(\u201cexcellent\u201d) to red (\u201closers\u201d with twos and ones).  Figure 9 shows the results for 15 countries of\nour target list and Russia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

<\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n\n

Each country has its own\npeculiarities, but in general the legitimacy is obvious: almost all countries\nof the targeted list are \u201cexcellent students\u201d in the layers of institutions and\nmarkets, \u201cgood\u201d in the layers of knowledge, culture, infrastructure and\nfinancing of fundamental research, but remain committed “losers” in\nthe layer of financing commercial projects. That is, countries – leaders of\ninnovation are leaders of the environment but are far from the top of the list\nin terms of financing commercial projects. Interesting exceptions are South\nKorea (\u201cfive\u201d for state financing of commercial projects) and China (low marks\nfor fundamental layers).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

In Russia, which places in the ratings according to the relevant\nindicators are presented in the bottom line of the \u201cheat map\u201d, the situation is\nthe opposite: our country is an absolute honored student of targeted state financing\nof commercial innovative projects, but at the same time has an un-innovative\nenvironment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

The main directions of\ninnovative policy in Russia and innovations as a lever of influence on the\neconomic well-being of the Russian Federation<\/strong>. Now innovations are the main possible lever of\ninfluence on the long-term growth of economic well-being for Russia, because\nthe possibilities of the rest are significantly limited. In recent years, the\nbasic elements of the national innovations ecosystem have been formed in\nRussia, the implementation of large-scale transformations continues, but it\nshould also be noted that the results achieved do not meet expectations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

For Russia, in order to reach the world level of innovative development and compete with the leading countries, it is necessary to reform the current innovations policy, \u00a0which must be carried out in accordance with the primary tasks: first, the main task is to optimize the innovations management system \u00a0to improve the coordination of innovations politicians, secondly, the development of common agreed cross-cutting priorities of innovative \u00a0policy, thirdly, the elimination of the reasons for the \u201copenness\u201d of the innovations system (in terms of increasing the return on R & D costs and increasing the quantity, availability and competitiveness of ideas and inventions), fourthly, the introduction of a unified monitoring system of the innovative system, including measures for detailing and introducing a system for monitoring innovations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

List of sources<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Balikhina N.V., Kosov M.E. Development of investment and innovation processes in the Russian economy. Financial aspect \/\/ M .: UNITY-DAN. – 2014. – P. 231. <\/li>
2. Economic Bulletin of Russia. 2006: Statistical collection \/ Ed. Col .: A.E. Surinov, I.A. Zbarskaya and others – Moscow: Rosstat, 2006. – P.561.<\/li>
3. Filimonov F.Yu. The genesis of innovation: the process of the emergence and development of innovation \/\/ Industrial service. – 2015. – \u2116 2 (55). – P. 194-200<\/li>
4. Foreign trade of the Russian Federation: Statistical compilation: 2007. – M .: Central Bank of the Russian Federation, 2008. – P.282.<\/li>
5. Gershchenkron A. \u201cEconomic Underdevelopment in the Historical Perspective\u201d (\u201cEconomic Backwardnessin Historical Perspective\u201d) – \/\/ 1962 – \/\/ P.121-155<\/li>
6. Nekrasov D.A. The development of the theory of innovation. Innovation cycles \/\/ Bulletin of the Samara State University of Economics. – 2010. – \u2116 5 (91). – P. 68-71.<\/li>
7. Osipov Yu.M. On innovations in general and innovations in modern Russia \/\/ Philosophy of Economics. – 2008. – \u2116 3 (57). \u2013 P. 253-255.<\/li>
8. World Bank: Statistical Book. – M .: World Statistics, 2012. – P.342-343.<\/li><\/ol>\n\n\n\n

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   \u0423\u0414\u041a: [338.246.2:001.895] = 111 DOI 10.24411\/2413-046\u0425-2019-14008 Innovations and prospects for the innovative development of the economy in the Russian Federation Mogilevich Ekaterina, Semenov Dmitriy, Financial University under the Government of the Russian Federation, Moscow Scientific advisor, Senior teacher Moiseeva T.V. Summary: The article reveals the essence of innovation performance and its economic implications which ensure […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"spay_email":"","jetpack_publicize_message":"","jetpack_is_tweetstorm":false},"categories":[107],"tags":[152],"jetpack_featured_media_url":"","jetpack_publicize_connections":[],"jetpack_sharing_enabled":true,"jetpack_shortlink":"https:\/\/wp.me\/p7IyHt-2rq","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9388"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=9388"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9388\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9399,"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/9388\/revisions\/9399"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=9388"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=9388"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/qje.su\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=9388"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}