MOSCOW ECONOMIC JOURNAL MOSCOW ECONOMIC JOURNAL Московский экономический журнал 2413-046X 90562 10.55186/2413046X_2024_9_11_421 wmqpjl Землеустройство, кадастр и мониторинг земель Land Management, Cadaster, and Land Monitoring Землеустройство, кадастр и мониторинг земель MODERN PROSPECTS, ASSESSMENT OF THE BENEFITS AND RISKS OF USING GENETICALLY MODIFIED PLANTS IN THE USA AND IN THE WORLD Современные перспективы, оценка пользы и рисков применения генетически модифицированных растений в США и в мире Жиганова Лариса Петровна Zhiganova Larisa Petrovna

кандидат биологических наук;

candidate of sciences in biology;

 Институт США и Канады Российской академии наук Москва Россия Institute of USA and Canada Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russian Federation 12 12 2024 12 12 2024 9 11 10 35 10 11 2024 https://qje.su/en/nauka/article/90562/view

Генетическая трансформация стала важным инструментом для модификации ценных растений путем включения новых генов с желаемыми признаками. Эти стратегии особенно полезны для сельскохозяйственных культур с целью повышения урожайности, устойчивости к болезням, толерантности к стрессу окружающей среды (холод, жара, засуха, засоление, гербициды и насекомые), а также для увеличения биомассы и лекарственной ценности растений. Производство генетически модифицированных (ГМ) устойчивых видов с требуемыми признаками и высокой урожайностью способствует достижению целей устойчивого развития. Внедрение генетически модифицированных продуктов питания на рынок повысило потенциальные риски. Правильная оценка их воздействия на окружающую среду и контроль биобезопасности необходимы. В статье представлено обсуждение рисков и преимуществ генетически модифицированных растений и продуктов. Наиболее острыми вопросами являются оценка генетически модифицированных организмов (ГМО) с точки зрения их потенциальной опасности для здоровья человека, экологическое воздействие, перенос генетической информации и влияние на биоразнообразие, регуляторные нормы контроля биобезопасности ГМО и ГМ-продуктов питания. Готовность применять и использовать ГМ продукцию и принятие правил биобезопасности актуальны для всего мира, однако отличаются в разных странах. Применение методов генетической трансформации открывает большие возможности для новых видов растений, однако требуются дополнительные исследования с оценкой рисков.

Genetic transformation has become an important tool for modifying valuable plants by incorporating new genes with desired traits. These strategies are particularly useful for agricultural crops to improve yield, disease resistance, tolerance to environmental stress (cold, heat, drought, salinity, herbicides and insects), and to increase plant biomass and medicinal value. The production of genetically modified (GM) resistant varieties with desired traits and high yields contributes to achieving sustainable development goals. The introduction of GM foods to the market has increased potential risks. Proper assessment of their environmental impact and biosafety control are necessary. The article presents a discussion of the risks and benefits of genetically modified plants and products. The most pressing issues are the assessment of genetically modified organisms (GMOs) in terms of their potential negative effects to human health, environmental impact, transfer of genetic information and impact on biodiversity, regulatory standards for biosafety control of GMOs and GM foods. The willingness to apply and use genetically modified products and the adoption of biosafety regulations are very challenging issues worldwide, but differ from country to country. The use of genetic transformation opens up great opportunities for new plant species, but additional research with risk assessment is required.

 трансгенные растения; генетическая трансформация; ГМО; перенос генов; ГМ-продукты; биобезопасность transgenic plants; genetic transformation; GMO; gene transfer; GM products; biosafety

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