The article examines the experience of the European Union countries in modernizing agriculture. Possible prospects for applying similar measures of government support for the effective modernization of Russian agriculture are proposed. Key support mechanisms have been identified: the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) with 70% of funds allocated to direct payments to farmers, 25% to rural development, and 5% to market measures; compensation of up to 60-75% of modernization costs; preferential lending from the European Investment Bank; tax benefits (e.g., 7% VAT in Germany); «green» transition programs (carbon farming, renewable energy). A set of measures is proposed for Russia: introducing a two-tier support system based on the CAP model with "green" subsidies, creating a fund to compensate 40-60% of machinery purchase costs, developing digital knowledge platforms, preferential lending and tax deductions for those adopting resource-saving technologies, supporting cooperation and machinery stations. A systemic transfer of European experience with a focus on sustainability, knowledge, and economic incentives can qualitatively transform the Russian agricultural sector.