http://rmid-oecd.asean.org/situs slot gacorlink slot gacorslot gacorslot88slot gacorslot gacor hari inilink slot gacorslot88judi slot onlineslot gacorsitus slot gacor 2022https://www.dispuig.com/-/slot-gacor/https://www.thungsriudomhospital.com/web/assets/slot-gacor/slot88https://omnipacgroup.com/slot-gacor/https://viconsortium.com/slot-online/http://soac.abejor.org.br/http://oard3.doa.go.th/slot-deposit-pulsa/https://www.moodle.wskiz.edu/http://km87979.hekko24.pl/https://apis-dev.appraisal.carmax.com/https://sms.tsmu.edu/slot-gacor/http://njmr.in/public/slot-gacor/https://devnzeta.immigration.govt.nz/http://ttkt.tdu.edu.vn/-/slot-deposit-dana/https://ingenieria.unach.mx/media/slot-deposit-pulsa/https://www.hcu-eng.hcu.ac.th/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/-/slot-gacor/https://euromed.com.eg/-/slot-gacor/http://www.relise.eco.br/public/journals/1/slot-online/https://research.uru.ac.th/file/slot-deposit-pulsa-tanpa-potongan/http://journal-kogam.kisi.kz/public/journals/1/slot-online/https://aeeid.asean.org/wp-content/https://karsu.uz/wp-content/uploads/2018/04/-/slot-deposit-pulsa/https://zfk.katecheza.radom.pl/public/journals/1/slot-deposit-pulsa/https://science.karsu.uz/public/journals/1/slot-deposit-pulsa/ Московский экономический журнал 8/2019 - Московский Экономический Журнал1

Московский экономический журнал 8/2019

DOI 10.24411/2413-046Х-2019-18066

A TOOL FOR SHAPING SUSTAINABILITY IN THE NATIONAL ECONOMY

Заверюха Анастасия
Сергеевна,
Финансовый
университет при Правительстве РФ, shas95@inbox.ru

Summary: Efficiency (from the English. Effect ) – achievement
of any certain results with the minimum possible costs or obtaining the maximum
possible volume of production from a given amount of resources. That is, in the
most General sense, effectiveness is the degree to which a goal is achieved or the
ratio of the result to the goal.

The
effectiveness of the system is the property of the system to fulfill the goal
in the given conditions of use and with a certain quality. Performance
indicators characterize the degree of adaptation of the system to perform its
tasks and are generalizing indicators of the optimal functioning of the system.

In the
analysis of the concept of efficiency it is advisable to use the development of
economic science, which is considered most fully and comprehensively.

Economic efficiency is about maximizing the benefits of available resources. To do this, the benefits and costs must be constantly compared, that is, a prerequisite for the effectiveness of rational behavior, which is to strive for maximum profit (result) at minimum cost. Economic efficiency can mainly be reduced to financial indicators.

Eco-economic
efficiency – the availability to realize the goal in the most environmentally
friendly way (or to implement an environmental project or event), which is
economically feasible and has a positive economic result (profit).

Keyword: Social requirements, economic security, sustainable
development, progress, society.

Following the
formulation of the goal, the problem of assessing the effectiveness of
indicators of sustainable development is to determine the criteria for
compliance with this goal and the corresponding indicators of their assessment,
quantitative or qualitative.

Finally, the
most difficult task is to assess the cost-benefit ratio to the level of achievement
of the goal and its significance.

It should be
noted that now the regulatory and methodological framework for assessing the
effectiveness of the implementation of sustainable development indicators is
practically not created. At the same time, since the relevant indicative
systems are introduced primarily within the framework of the formation of
sustainable development management mechanisms, their effectiveness can be
indirectly determined by analyzing the effectiveness of such management [2, p.
32].

Management
effectiveness is generally defined as the achievement of a real and socially
useful specific management goal with minimal resources and management energy in
the optimal time, taking into account the circumstances of the external and
internal nature.

Sustainable
development management aims to achieve and maintain such a state of a certain
socio-economic and natural system, which can be characterized by the definition
of «sustainable development».

Management of
sustainable development of the territory (region) requires the implementation
of certain phased management actions:

  • assessment of the state and definition of the conceptual framework for sustainable development of the relevant territory;
  • strategic planning (definition of sustainable development strategy);
  • strategic forecasting (determination of forecast indicators of sustainable development in accordance with the strategy);
  • operational management and monitoring;
  • assessment of the status of implementation of the relevant strategy and strategic planning for the next period.

At each of
the above stages, indicators of sustainable development carry out appropriate
functions and to achieve proper efficiency in their implementation must meet
certain requirements [4, p. 68].

Assessment of
the state of sustainable development requires the formation of a system of
representative indicators that can provide :

  • comparative analysis of the level of «sustainability» of development for each of the main components (economic, environmental, social);
  • analysis of the level of integrated «constancy» of the region’s development in comparison with other regions;
  • identification of key «weak» links that critically affect the level of stability of the region.

For a
comparative analysis of the main components of sustainable development of the
region and its correlation with other regions, it seems appropriate to use the
relevant aggregated indicators – economic, social and environmental development
indices, methodologically defined at the international level, special indices
(human development, environmental sustainability, true savings, etc.) and the
integrated sustainable development index (currently, several methodological
options for its calculation have been developed).

At the same
time, a more detailed analysis aimed at identifying the «weak points»
of regional development requires the use of more specific and narrowly
specialized indicators. To this end, it seems appropriate to use a system of
indicators covering the main substantive aspects of sustainable development in
each of its three basic areas.

For strategic
planning and strategic forecasting, the key task is a comprehensive assessment
of all components of sustainable development and identification of appropriate
tasks both for each of them and for certain integral characteristics of the
region’s development. Therefore, at this stage, the most effective integrated
assessment systems are seen, which include both simple indicators and some
aggregated indicators and are structurally formed according to the principles
of «theme-problem-indicator» and/or «goals-tasks-indicator»
[6, p. 87]. In principle, the key tasks of strategic planning and forecasting
can be effectively solved and model system indicators «the
pressure-stoneacre». But so far, the practical application of this
approach «in its pure form» has revealed significant technical and
informational difficulties associated with the need to promptly obtain,
process, interpret and analyze large amounts of information.

A separate
approach requires the formation of the use of indicator systems to monitor the
status of implementation-

Regarding
monitoring, strategic and operational monitoring should be singled out.

Strategic
monitoring involves monitoring the dynamics of changes in the state of the main
components of sustainable development and correlating them with the relevant
strategic objectives and plans. Therefore, for the implementation of strategic
monitoring suitable systems are seen, which include aggregated indices of the
main components of sustainable development and indicators and indicators on the
basis of which these indices are calculated [8].

Operational
monitoring requires, first of all, tracking the dynamics of changes in more
«narrow» areas, especially those that are critical for assessing the
sustainable development of a particular region. For a representative assessment
of such changes in addition to the standard set of indicators, it is necessary
to use special indicators that reflect the specifics of the structure of
sustainable development of this region and make it possible to quickly monitor
the state of Affairs in its «critical points».

Direct
management of sustainable development of the region can be carried out both by
adjusting the current plans and short-term forecasts, and through the adoption
of direct management measures aimed at normalizing critical situations arising
in certain areas and sectors of activity and have a negative impact on the
sustainable development of the region. Therefore, the requirements to the
system of evaluation of regional sustainable development for the implementation
of direct control include the wording of the strategic and operational
monitoring.

That is, for
the implementation of monitoring and measures of direct management of
sustainable development of the region, the most effective are the assessment
systems of key (basic), additional and specific indicators. The first reflect
the most important parameters of regional development – the growth rate of GRP,
the dynamics of investment in fixed capital, changes in production in the main
sectors, the scale of anthropogenic impact on the environment, the level of
poverty, true savings, the human development index, and the like. The second
allows us to assess the quality of regional macroeconomic policy – the nature
of the economy, the technological level, income differentiation, the state of
the labor force and the like. Still others make it possible to take into
account the relevant regional specifics [10, с. 80].

A separate
and very important group of goals (functions) assigned to the system of
indicative assessment of sustainable development of the region are the actual
information goals. They provide for the rapid and systematic provision of
accessible, understandable and representative information on the state of
sustainable development to the public and to officials who influence management
decisions. To perform these functions, the relevant indicators must first meet
the requirements of simplicity of perception and unambiguity of interpretation.

Informing the
public and officials about the status and dynamics of sustainable development
can be effectively achieved through a reduced list of aggregates, most of which
are to some extent generally acceptable, methodologically defined at the
international level and «cross-cutting», i.e. used at different
territorial levels.

In some
cases, when there is a significant imbalance of development in the region due
to the presence of certain very problematic enterprises, industries, facilities
and the like, as a General information it is advisable to use special
indicators that reflect the state and dynamics of changes in such problematic
parts of the relevant territorial system.

From the
above analysis it becomes clear that there is no single correct decision on the
effectiveness of a particular type of indicators, structure or model of the
system for assessing the sustainability of regional development.

Since the
concept of «sustainable development» is integrative and covers a very
wide range of goals, objectives and areas of activity, the requirements for the
system of assessments of the level of sustainability are very differentiated
depending on the specific purpose, functions and specifics of the relevant
territorial entity [1].

If we
consider the assessment of the sustainable development of the region in a broad
sense, there is a place in the relevant system of indicators for almost all
their types, types, structures and models. Separately:

High level of
aggregation indices – the index of sustainable development, indices of the main
components of sustainable development, generally accepted
«international» indices – should be used for:

  • comparative analysis of the state of sustainable development and its components in different regions;
  • analysis of the ratio of the state of the main components of sustainable development within one region;
  • analysis of the hierarchical structure of sustainable development of territorial entities of different taxonomic levels.

According to
this specificity, highly aggregated indices are effective in terms of:

  • strategic planning and strategic forecasting;
  • strategic monitoring, i.e. assessment of the dynamics and level of achievement of strategic goals and objectives;
  • current monitoring – in terms of the ratio of the dynamics of changes in more local indicators of sustainable development with its General state;
  • informing the public and officials about the state and dynamics of changes in the sustainable development of the region.

Indicators
and indices of low degree of aggregation is advisable to use for:

  • identification of «weak links» of regional development;
  • determination of the specifics of sustainable development of a particular region and operational monitoring of the state of Affairs in its «critical points».

Accordingly,
such indicators are effective in terms of:

  • performance of individual functions of current monitoring and operational management;
  • informing the public and officials about the state and dynamics of changes in the problem areas specific to the region.

Finally,
simple indicators should be used as a single mutually agreed system for:

  • detailed assessment of the state of sustainable development in its main areas;
  • assessment of the dynamics of sustainable development in its main areas;
  • identification of «weak links» of regional sustainable development and operational monitoring of the state of Affairs in «critical points»;
  • calculation of aggregate indicators of sustainable development.

That is, the
system of simple indicators can be effectively used in the implementation of
all stages and functions of assessing the sustainable development of the
region:

  • directly – for current planning, forecasting, monitoring and preparation of management decisions;
  • indirectly (as a basis for the calculation of aggregates) – for strategic planning and forecasting, strategic monitoring and public awareness and officials.

From the
point of view of assessing the effectiveness of great importance is the
structural construction of an appropriate system of indicators of regional
sustainable development.

From the
above analysis it follows that the most applicable and effective from the point
of view of the balance of «costs» and «result» are now
structures of the type «theme – problem – indicator» (as an option –
«theme – subtheme – indicator») and «goals – tasks –
indicator». These approaches allow at the necessary level and with
relatively uncritical costs to ensure the implementation of almost all the main
objectives (functions) of regional sustainable development management [3, p. 72].

A model-based
approach «pressure-state-response» should be used to evaluate
individual components of the regional sustainable development on which the
possibility of operational obtaining the necessary amounts of information to
make calculations on the corresponding model. Development and implementation of
evaluation models for the TSR remain highly relevant primarily for the
implementation of a comprehensive in-depth research in relation to sustainable
development in individual regions. It is the model approach that allows the
most thorough and accurate monitoring of the state, dynamics and interrelations
of all substantive aspects of sustainable development, conducting in-depth
scientific analysis to determine statistical and substantive laws and formulating
methodological and methodological approaches for the implementation of
appropriate management activities.

Separately,
it should be noted that both the main methodological approaches to the
formation of regional sustainable development assessment systems, the most used
in the Russian Federation (the system of key (basic), additional and special
indicators) and in Ukraine (the»pyramid-step» formation of aggregated
indicators in the main areas of assessment – economic, environmental and
social) are acceptable in terms of the effectiveness of implementation. In
fact, they can complement each other and be used within a single system of
indicators for assessing the sustainable development of the region. [5] At the
same time, the «pyramid» structure of indicators and indices can form
most of the «key» indicators used in strategic planning, forecasting,
monitoring, etc., Additional and special indicators should be formed in
accordance with the requirements of interregional analysis and the specifics of
the structure of sustainable development of a particular region.

The
«embeddedness» of the system of national and international statistics
and its direct link with the system of national planning and forecasting is
crucial for the effectiveness of the regional sustainable development
assessment system.

In terms of
practical use, especially in operational terms, the calculation of indicators
of sustainable development on the basis of standard statistics is a
prerequisite for the proper effectiveness of indicators of sustainable
development. Any «deviation» from this principle immediately
critically increases the cost (material, physical, psychological, etc.) to
obtain the necessary information.

Finally, in
order for information on sustainable development of the region to be properly
used in the management system, it must be «in demand» in the
development of planning and forecasting documents provided for by the current
legislative and regulatory framework. After all, it is on these documents that
the practical implementation of the government of the state and its individual
regions is based. And if the system of assessment of regional sustainable
development is developed without taking into account the relevant requirements,
it can have purely scientific value, and in a practical sense, its use will be
virtually impossible [7, с. 900].

Briefly
summarizing the review of the main approaches to assessing the effectiveness of
the implementation of sustainable development indicators, the following should
be noted:

1. Normative
and methodological support for assessing the effectiveness of the
implementation of sustainable development indicators has not yet been
developed. Despite this, analyze their performance from the point of view of
assessment of efficiency of sustainable development management of the region.
At the same time, at this stage, the use of quantitative performance indicators
is quite problematic and the corresponding analysis can be carried out
according to qualitative criteria.

2. To ensure
the effective implementation of a set of functions (goals) of sustainable
development management in the region, the appropriate system of indicative
assessment should include simple indicators and indices of different levels of
aggregation. The use of reduced systems and individual aggregate indices can be
effective only in terms of solving individual local problems, for example:
comparative characteristics of the level of sustainable development and its
main components for different regions, informing the public about the main
indicators of regional sustainable development, and the like.

3. From the
point of view of achieving maximum efficiency, the structure of the system of
indicators for assessing the sustainable development of the region should be
formed mainly on the principles of «theme (problem)-indicator» and/or
«goals-objectives-indicator». A model-based approach
«pressure-state-response» should be used to evaluate individual
components of the regional sustainable development on which the possibility of
operational obtaining the necessary amounts of information to make calculations
on the corresponding model.

4. It is
advisable to include key (basic) indicators and additional and special
indicators in the system of indicators for assessing regional sustainable
development. The first may be indices of varying degrees of aggregation,
calculated on the basis of a system of indicators for the main areas of
sustainable development. Additional and specific indicators are determined
based on the objectives of interregional analysis and the specifics of the
structure of sustainable development of a particular region.

5. Systems of
indicators for assessing regional sustainable development should be based on
indicators and international statistics and be directly linked to the system
and the basic documents for planning and forecasting national and regional
socio-economic and environmental development.

Also in
recent years, there is a reassessment of the theory of transaction integration.
Sandholtz and stone Mir proposed a General integration theory, which is based
on the study of the process of exchange between transnational actors, the role
of supranational organizations, the processes of institutionalization through
the introduction of new rules [9]. New approaches in transactional theory were
aimed not only at identifying favorable conditions for the development of
integration, but also to study the relationship of political interests, the use
of common rules, the activities of supranational institutions, which are the
main factors of this development. It should be noted that this approach is
somewhat reminiscent of neofunctionalism theory.

In our
opinion, the dynamics of the development of European integration in recent
years most fully reflects the approach based on the concept of transnational
exchange. Exchange which reflects the economic relations between agents of
different countries associated with the movement of any tangible and intangible
assets. The most important forms of transnational exchange are thus international
trade in goods and services, capital flows, trade in stock instruments and
currency values, labour migration, trade in technology, joint ventures and
transnational corporations, the sale of trademarks and other intangible assets,
and joint research and development. The ability of supranational structures to
meet the requirements of exchange participants and introduce its rules
determines the direction of further development of integration. This approach
assumes that supranational governance should be in the interest of firms,
social groups or individuals involved in transnational exchange and benefit
from the introduction of European regulation instead of national regulation.
The development of transnational exchange requires the replacement of national
regulation with supranational regulation, which forces national governments and
EU institutions to develop and implement such regulation. Consequently, the
level of development of supranational governance depends on the intensity of
transnational exchange in a particular sector in a certain period.

While
transnational exchange is rapidly developing in a particular sector, it is
increasingly inefficient for governments to maintain a national type of
regulation. Pressure on governments to adapt their policies to the new
situation is growing, leading to the development of supranational governance.
The introduction of General legislation contributes to the further development
of transnational exchange in this sector and, through transfusion effects, in
other sectors. There is an internal dynamics of the integration process.
Intergovernmental negotiations and policy development are becoming an
integrated part of the process, the main driving force of which is the
development of transnational society, the integration policy of supranational
organizations and the expansion of the joint legislative framework.

Governments
certainly have an interest in integration. They are looking for ways to
increase their autonomy vis-à-vis national social groups and bodies, as well as
to increase their control over resources. Governments may resist supranational
governance processes, but in doing so they have a negative impact on the
welfare of those involved in transnational transactions. Governments can also
slow down integration processes or direct them towards self-interest. But
governments do not have full control over the overall political process and its
outcome.

Literary source

  1. Антонян Ю.М., Ростокинский А.В., Гилинский Я.И.,
    Сундиев И.Ю., Аванесян В.В., Юрасова Е.Н., Касперович Ю.Т., Давитадзе М.Д.,
    Шиян В.И., Айвар Л.А., Трунов И.Л. Экстремизм и его причины. Монография /
    Москва, 2014.
  2. Ростокинский А.В., Толпекин К.А. Очередные
    «антитеррористические» новеллы или введение в «уникальную»
    часть уголовного кодекса. Российский следователь. 2014. № 18. С. 31-34.
  3. Semenutina,
    A., Khuzhakhmetova, A., Semenutina, V., Svintsov, I. (2018). A method of
    evaluating pigment complex wood plants as an indicator of adaptation to dry
    conditions. World Ecology Journal, 8(1), 69-82. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25726/NM.2018.1.1.006
  4. Semenyutina,
    A., Noyanova, N., & Kurmanov, Н. (2018). Scientific justification of selection of
    plants for sanitary protection zones in arid region. World Ecology Journal,
    8(1), 52-68. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.25726/NM.2018.1.1.005
  5. Tikly,
    Leon. 2019. “Education for Sustainable Development in Africa: A Critique of
    Regional Agendas.” Asia Pacific Education Review. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-019-09600-5.
  6. Ucal,
    Meltem. 2018. “Walter Leal Filho, Diana-Mihaela Pociovalisteanu and Abul Quasem
    Al-Amin (Eds): Sustainable Economic Development: Green Economy and Green
    Growth.” Environment, Development and Sustainability 20(6): 2883–87.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-017-0015-9.
  7. van
    der Hoog, Sander. 2018. “The Limits to Credit Growth: Mitigation Policies and
    Macroprudential Regulations to Foster Macrofinancial Stability and Sustainable
    Debt.” Computational Economics 52(3): 873–920.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10614-017-9714-4.
  8. Wu,
    Jie, Dacheng Huang, Zhixiang Zhou, and Qingyuan Zhu. 2019. “The Regional Green
    Growth and Sustainable Development of China in the Presence of Sustainable
    Resources Recovered from Pollutions.” Annals of Operations Research.
    https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-019-03226-x.
  9. Yang,
    Jie, Mei-Lan Chen, Chung-Yuan Fu, and Xi-Ding Chen. 2019. “Environmental
    Policy, Tax, and the Target of Sustainable Development.” Environmental Science
    and Pollution Research. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-019-05191-1.
  10. Zeng,
    Juying. 2018. “Fostering Path of Ecological Sustainable Entrepreneurship within
    Big Data Network System.” International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal
    14(1): 79–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-017-0466-3.